Negotiating modernism in Cape Town: 1918-1948 : an investigation into the introduction, contestation, negotiation and adaptation of modernism in the architecture of Cape Town

In the early twentieth century modernism radically changed the world, affecting all aspects of life. Twentieth century modernism incorporated new inventions that changed the modes of travel, it restructured methods of production and the way in which people lived, worked and played. This radical change was to be reflected in all sectors, and was particularly manifested physically in architecture. Modernism demanded a radical shift from an architecture that had been slowly evolving from nineteenth century eclecticism, overlaid with reactionary concerns for the overwhelming impact of industrialisation on society and on the built fabric of cities. It sought to identify new ways of dealing with these issues and finding new methods of spatial production and ultimately creating a new means of architectural aesthetic expression that came to be referred to as the Modern Movement. The response to the radical change implied in modernism resulted in a process of negation and contestation, leading through negotiation to a mediated compromise before an ultimate acceptance

The influences on the two inner city housing projects of the Bo Kaap and District Six in Cape Town that were built between 1938 and 1944

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-81).This study examines the social, political, and architectural influences that shaped the two Cape Town inner city housing projects in the Bo Kaap and District Six that were built after the introduciton of the Slums Act of 1943, between 1938 and 1944. During this period there there were changes in the hegemonic perceptions of the city. The eradication of slums served as a catalyst for spatial change and the dislocation of lived space as the city sought to re-create itself as a modern, rationally planned metropolis. The civic authorities and architects appeared to use the criteria of the modernist discourse as a mechanism to wield social control on marginalised members of society; creating mechanisms of removal, exclusion, surveillance and control based on ethnicity. This reflects the perceptions of the French philosopher, Foucault regarding power and control

Functional network correlates of language and semiology in epilepsy

Epilepsy surgery is appropriate for 2-3% of all epilepsy diagnoses. The goal of the presurgical workup is to delineate the seizure network and to identify the risks associated with surgery. While interpretation of functional MRI and results in EEG-fMRI studies have largely focused on anatomical parameters, the focus of this thesis was to investigate canonical intrinsic connectivity networks in language function and seizure semiology. Epilepsy surgery aims to remove brain areas that generate seizures. Language dysfunction is frequently observed after anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR), and the presurgical workup seeks to identify the risks associated with surgical outcome. The principal aim of experimental studies was to elaborate understanding of language function as expressed in the recruitment of relevant connectivity networks and to evaluate whether it has value in the prediction of language decline after anterior temporal lobe resection. Using cognitive fMRI, we assessed brain areas defined by parameters of anatomy and canonical intrinsic connectivity networks (ICN) that are involved in language function, specifically word retrieval as expressed in naming and fluency. fMRI data was quantified by lateralisation indices and by ICN_atlas metrics in a priori defined ICN and anatomical regions of interest. Reliability of language ICN recruitment was studied in 59 patients and 30 healthy controls who were included in our language experiments. New and established language fMRI paradigms were employed on a three Tesla scanner, while intellectual ability, language performance and emotional status were established for all subjects with standard psychometric assessment. Patients who had surgery were reinvestigated at an early postoperative stage of four months after anterior temporal lobe resection. A major part of the work sought to elucidate the association between fMRI patterns and disease characteristics including features of anxiety and depression, and prediction of postoperative language outcome. We studied the efficiency of reorganisation of language function associated with disease features prior to and following surgery. A further aim of experimental work was to use EEG-fMRI data to investigate the relationship between canonical intrinsic connectivity networks and seizure semiology, potentially providing an avenue for characterising the seizure network in the presurgical workup. The association of clinical signs with the EEG-fMRI informed activation patterns were studied using the data from eighteen patients’ whose seizures and simultaneous EEG-fMRI activations were reported in a previous study. The accuracy of ICN_atlas was validated and the ICN construct upheld in the language maps of TLE patients. The ICN construct was not evident in ictal fMRI maps and simulated ICN_atlas data. Intrinsic connectivity network recruitment was stable between sessions in controls. Amodal linguistic processing and the relevance of temporal intrinsic connectivity networks for naming and that of frontal intrinsic connectivity networks for word retrieval in the context of fluency was evident in intrinsic connectivity networks regions. The relevance of intrinsic connectivity networks in the study of language was further reiterated by significant association between some disease features and language performance, and disease features and activation in intrinsic connectivity networks. However, the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) showed significantly greater activation compared to intrinsic connectivity networks – a result which indicated that ATL functional language networks are better studied in the context of the anatomically demarked ATL, rather than its functionally connected intrinsic connectivity networks. Activation in temporal lobe networks served as a predictor for naming and fluency impairment after ATLR and an increasing likelihood of significant decline with greater magnitude of left lateralisation. Impairment of awareness served as a significant classifying feature of clinical expression and was significantly associated with the inhibition of normal brain functions. Canonical intrinsic connectivity networks including the default mode network were recruited along an anterior-posterior anatomical axis and were not significantly associated with clinical signs